Managerial Accounting
Managerial accounting refers to the act of identifying, estimating, analyzing, communicating, and interpreting financial data to managers for the pursuit of a firm’s goals.
Role of Managerial Accounting
Managerial accounting helps the management of a firm effectively perform its organizing, planning, controlling, and directing functions. It provides historical data that managers can use to identify the growth of a business (Loan et al., 2018). Hence, the data can be used in forecasting the company. Managerial accounting is essential in converting the organizational objectives and strategies into feasible goals, therefore, helps an organization to achieve its target aims.
Difference Between Variable and Fixed Costs
Variable costs refer to expenses that change directly and equally to a business activity, volume or level changes. In contrast, fixed costs refer to ongoing expenses for a certain period regardless of outputs.
Contribution Margin (Variable Costing) Income Statement
Company ABC sells onions at $20 per kg in 2020. The sales obtained are 80,000kgs. Finished goods were 15000 Kgs at the beginning of the year and 20000 Kgs at the end of the year. Variable costs were $10 per kg. Variable expenses were$5 per kg, and fixed payments were $250000.
Company ABC
Variable Costing Income Statement
The Year Ended 2020
Variable costing income statement subtracts all variable expenses to get contribution margin. Afterward, fixed fees are removed from the contribution margin to obtain net loss or profit.
Various Approaches to Categorizing Costs
Costs are categorized according to their nature, function, traceability, and normality. Organizing by nature includes expenses, labor, and material costs, while classifying by function depends on production and commercial costs. Categorizing by traceability includes direct and indirect costs, while classifying by normality determines normal and abnormal prices.
Segmented Income Statement
Segmented income statements help managers determine how much a segment is profitable and the profit the element contributes to the business’s bottom line.
ABC Shop
Segmented Income Statement
December 2021
Special Pricing for Some Customers or Markets
Great pricing for some consumers or markets may vary depending on the customer or market profiles. For instance, increased competition and new competitors in the market trigger the revision of pricing policies to hinder the entrance of new firms to the market (De Toni et al., 2017). Companies may also increase their market shares by lowering prices to make their items popular.
Determination of Customer Profitability
Organizations determine their customer profitability by choosing a profitability metric, adding total sales in a particular period, obtaining customer listing, adding all costs and sales, and dividing the outcome by the number of potential customers.
Effects of Special Pricing on Revenues and Profitability
Special pricing impacts revenues and profitability by increasing or decreasing production costs. High prices stimulate fewer profits because prices affect the profit margin of the goods sold (De Toni et al., 2017). High prices give businesses high profits per product sold without incurring losses. High prices lower sales due to overhead costs incurred when companies sell few units.
Disadvantages and advantages of Special Pricing
The benefits of pricing include its capability to make products attractive to clients while covering costs also. The disadvantages of special pricing include unsuccessfulness, particularly when a business cannot appeal to customers or provide the business owners with the income they need.
References
De Toni, D., Milan, G. S., Saciloto, E. B., & Larentis, F. (2017). Pricing strategies and levels and their impact on corporate profitability. Revista de Administração (São Paulo), 52, 120-133.
Ioan, È. A., Ioana, G. A., & Andreea, M. P. (2018). Influence of managerial accounting in the decision-making process. Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, 18(2), 707-711.